Cultural Competency and Cultural Humility in Nursing Practice

Cultural Competency and Cultural Humility in Nursing Practice Lisa Watson UMASS Boston Online Professional Issues in Nursing NU 360 Ms. Carol Moran November 08, 2012 Abstract You may not like how the Presidential election turned out, but the victory of the Democrats was won partly by focusing on going after the Hispanic vote. The Hispanic population who voted for President Obama put him over the top to win. Hispanics identified with Obama. Somehow, he made a connection with this culture.Nursing can use that lesson to improve cultural sensitivity and provide respectful care of our numerous cultures. Every American makes up this country regardless of heritage. This country was built from immigrants from all over the world. America is referred to as â€Å"the melting pot. † The diversity of American culture continues to grow. Each patient a nurse interacts with is important, regardless of the color of their skin, the language they speak or the cultural traditions they follow. The diversity of America’s population continues to increase.The challenges of providing cultural sensitivity to a multi cultural America is an important variation healthcare organizations must be aware of. In an attempt to standardize terms and concepts to explain cultural competency to student nurses, the Purnell Model was developed by Larry Purnell, PhD. The Purnell model is a guide to adapting care that takes into account the diversity of beliefs from a variety of cultures. It is based on multiple theories and research. A circular schematic was developed that contains 12 domains (pieces of pie) or considerations.They include and represent the person’s: heritage, language, family roles, issues in workforce, bio cultural ecology, high risk behaviors, nutrition, pregnancy, death rituals, spirituality, health care practices and health care providers. Within the 12 domains it addresses: sociology, psychology, anatomy and physiology, biology, ecology, nutrition, pharmacology , religion, history, economics, politics and language. The inner 12 domains are encapsulated by a second circle that represents family, a third rim that represents society and finally an outer ring that represents global society.The â€Å"saw tooth† at the bottom of the diagram is cultural consciousness. ( see Figure 1. ) Nurses must learn how to communicate with a variety of people who speak other languages, have other beliefs, and ways that cultures influence the people we care for. Healthcare is becoming more and more personalized. People have more options of how to pursue their own health wellness, where to obtain their care and with whom. Nursing care of a growing diverse population must be addressed. As nurses we have to make our hospitals competitive and make people want to bring their care to our doors.Nurses need to learn how to better communicate with a variety of cultures and must know how to interact with these cultures in cultural sensitive ways depicting that cu lture if we want to remain competitive. Cultural Competency and Cultural Humility in Nursing Practice must be addressed. It is not an easy task. The term competence means to be competent, adequacy, in possession of required skills, knowledge, qualification, or capacity† ( Dictionary. com, 1995). To have qualifications or knowledge in all cultures is an impossible venture.However, humility as described by Tervalon (1998), â€Å"incorporates a lifelong commitment to self-evaluation and self-critique†¦. , and to developing mutually beneficial†¦. partnerships with communities on behalf of individuals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 117). A task that can be accomplished in healthcare education is cultural humility. After all nurses do have a career lifetime to develop this self-evaluation. Cultural competence is too broad to tackle. The task of developing education to teach cultural competence is a vague goal and has been called stereotyping. This goal is too large and not specific.Ac cording to Roux and Halstead, â€Å"a number of reviewed approaches in nursing education concluded that there is a lack of consensus on what and how it should be taught†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (p. 323). There are just too many cultures that healthcare provides care to. It would be impossible to become proficient at all of them. Nurses can learn the basics cultural beliefs and even learn to speak the language, but that alone does not make nurses competent. However, a nurse can continue to do self evaluation of how he/she perceives the patient’s differences. The nurse can try to understand how the patient’s culture makes hem have certain views related to their healthcare. â€Å"One of the best ways to learn about diverse cultures is to interact with people from those cultures. However, opportunity to become immersed in another culture are not always available† (Roux and Halstead, p. 325). Nurses can develop an awareness of cultural beliefs that guide patient’s to vie w healthcare in certain ways. This is an ongoing reflection the nurse must make by building on cultural humility. Nurses may learn the basic cultural beliefs of the patients they care for, but this does not make them culturally competent.This is an ongoing growth that can occur throughout the nurse’s career with cultural humility. Nurses must embrace trying to understand the beliefs of other cultures to understand how this guides that culture’s healthcare and views. It may help to understand why people act the way they do. â€Å"†¦the perception, attitudes, and treatment approaches advocated by mental health professionals form the Western biological.. viewpoint precipitate mental health disparities among the older Afro-Caribbean population,† (Ellis, p. 41). Many Afro-Caribbean elders may not trust the nurse of fear being judged.They may not understand the questions on questionnaires and may take offense in the way they are worded. Many beliefs occur from bi rth and throughout life and are instilled through our culture and upbringing. As things change in our lives, our beliefs can change and grow. Cultural beliefs can change as well. It is an ongoing process. These are lessons learned throughout a nurse’s career. It is achieved through constant learning, reflection and by keeping an open mind while using humility. When nurses are open minded they can understand how their own cultural beliefs can influence their understanding of other’s beliefs.As described by Levi, â€Å"we need to realize that we are likely to have biases about how others should behave based on our own cultural norms,† (p. 97). By using cultural humility nurses can continue to build on what they do know about a culture and reflect on how their own beliefs effect how they interact with patients of this culture. We must take ownership of our interactions with others while being aware of how we view cultural differences. â€Å"The essential aspect is to become aware of our own values, so that we can better understand the values of another,† (Roux and Halstead, p. 24). Nurses must be able to reflect on their own beliefs to realize how they view other cultures views. They must be able to set aside their own views to be able to provide care in the best interest of the patient. Of, course nurses must abide by the law. However, there are interventions that nurses can provide for their patient, even if it is unconventional in the nurse’s belief. It may be uncomfortable to allow a comatose patient’s family to bath them, but it may what they have been taught. It can even be an ethical dilemma.In Chinese families they often do not tell the elder family member they have cancer. By trying to understand and allowing a family this cultural tradition it may be what is in the patient’s best interest. Cultural humility is a goal every nurse can work on throughout their career. It can be adapted as the nurse’s self reflection occurs. All healthcare professionals must be able to set aside their own beliefs to focus on the patient specific care needed at that time. Questions must be asked of patients and of the healthcare providing the care to tailor care for that patient.Healthcare must provide cultural sensitive care to their patients. Nurses should not be happy with providing the same care to every patient. The care must be patient centered and conscious about the whole patient and what their beliefs are. To obtain cultural humility every nurse should ask themselves have they â€Å"checked† their own beliefs at the door? Figure 1: The Purnell Model [pic] References American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) and Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education. (2003). Accreditation Standards.Retrieved November 8, 2012 from http:// www. aacn. nche. edu. Dictionary. com. Dictionary. com, n. d. Web. 09 Nov. 2012. . Horace, E. , (2012). Mental Health Disparities in the Older Afro-Ca ribbean Population Living in the United States: Cultural and Practice Perspectives for Mental Health Professionals. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 50, 37-44. Levi, A. (2009). The Ethics of Nursing Student International Clinical Experiences. The Association of Women’s Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses, JOGNN, 38, 94-99: 2009. DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1552-6909. 008. 00314x. Purnell, L. (2002). The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence. J. Transcult Nursing 2002, 13: 193. DOI: 10. 1177/10459602013003006. Roux, G. , & Halstead, J. A. (2009). Issues and Trends in Nursing: Essential Knowledge for Today and Tomorrow. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers Tervalon, M. , Murray-Garcia, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in Defining Physician Training Outcomes in Multicultural Education. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved; May 1998, 9, 2; 117-125.

Born in East LA Essay

What do see when you take a look at a Latino? Do you notice what they are wearing? Or how they walk? Or maybe you just jump into a conclusion and stereotype him/her as an illegal immigrant. Throughout the years Latinos have faced many challenges because of their skin color, the way they dress, or because of the way they talk. Many films have shown Latinos as illegal immigrants to show us how the world views them, but a specific film â€Å"Born in East L. A† shows us how even though a Latino can be an American Citizen they still face many racist stereotypes. Even though a Latinos parents or grandparents have immigrated into the United States years ago and have permanent residency in the United States, they can still face push and pull factors that can motivate them to either go back to their country of origin or motivate them into staying in the United States. In this paper I will show how Born in East L. A represents Latinos as illegal immigrants through the techniques of stereotyping, immigration, and push/pull factors. Born in East L.  A shows us the story of a Chicano named Rudy (Cheech Marin) is deported after being caught in a police raid at toy factory while looking for his cousin. Because of the police raid Rudy is caught and is deported to Mexico even though he is an American citizen. Rudy tries to explain to the police that he is an American citizen but when is asked to show proof of citizenship he figures out that he does not have his wallet and is forced to stay in Mexico. Even though Rudy is an American citizen but is of Mexican descent, he is stereotyped as an illegal immigrant because of his accent and because of the way he looks. One particular scene in the movie that shows massive stereotyping about Latinos is the scene where the French woman appears walking through the city and is gazed upon all the Latino men. This is an example of stereotyping because the woman represents the sexual desire for a white woman by Latino men (Lizzberry). The woman is being tracked across the city to represent how Latinos chase the American dream and how badly they desire the need to assimilate in America (Lizzberry). Another scene from the film that depicts stereotypes is the scene in which the INS officers raid a toy factory and quickly assume that all the Mexicans working in the factory are illegal. The film shows this stereotype by labeling the INS officers â€Å"La Migra† which is Spanish for immigration officers, and all the workers begin to run out the factory trying to avoid being caught and deported. From that particular scene the audience can already assume that everyone that was working in the toy factory was an illegal immigrant because all the workers were being show cased as illegals because they began to run away from the INS officers. In America immigration has become a major problem over the years causing many states to create their own immigration laws which do not allow illegal immigrants to have jobs, own a house, or own a car without proper documentation. In Born in East L. A we are shown how Mexican immigrants continue to try to cross over the border to the United States by having them run across a hill and avoiding the border patrol agents. The role of immigrants in this movie was to portray how Latinos are being classified as illegal immigrants throughout America because of their skin color and background. Towards the finale of the film Rudy gathers a group of illegal immigrants to help him cross the border by having them all rush down the hills in large groups which end up scaring off the border patrol agents allowing Rudy and the other people to safely cross the border (Fregoso 61) Even though Latinos cross the border into America they still face many challenges that can push them back towards their home countries. One factor that pushes Latinos back in the film is how the film showcases Rudy and all his attempts to try to cross over to the United States but fails many times. By showcasing this people can see why many immigrants suffer to try to cross the border on a daily basis. Even though it is hard to cross the border into America, many immigrants still try to do so because they are being pulled in by the opportunities that await them in America. Another factor that pulls Latinos into this country is the chance to get ahead in society; many immigrants come to America for a better education and high paying jobs that they couldn’t receive back in their countries. In the film we are shown how Rudy is forced to cross over south of the border to Mexico thus showing us how hard it is to cross the border (Fregoso 67). Throughout the movie we are being showed many stereotypes that fall into the Latino category such as being called an illegal immigrant. We are also being showed how immigration can cause Latinos to be deported because of their skin color and we also see how different push/pull factors affect the Latinos. From the film we can tell that many Latinos want to come to America ecause of job opportunities that the Anglos offer because they always end up losing workers because of INS raids. Because of the raids company owners are forced to quickly hire workers who can work at low wages so they are forced to hire Latinos because they view the Latinos as illegal immigrants seeking quick employment for mostly any rate of pay. Since many job opportunities open up for the Latinos they keep crossing over the border on a daily basis to pursue the American Dream and to better their lives.

Nepal Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nepal Economy - Essay Example Mica, hydropower and forest products are the other sources of income for this country. The only Hindu nation in the world is a picturesque unit of living for visitors and dwellers as well. An estimation done last year shows a population of about 29,331,000 people with the annual growth rate of 2.2 per cent. The country has its capital Katmandu, a very historic city. The people of this country, commonly called Nepalese speak Nepali and English for their communication. The country follows several political aspects adopted from India. The currency of this country is Rupees. Population: about 29,331,000 (2009 estimate) The geographical location of Nepal is at southern Asia. It shares its boarders with India and China. This roughly trapezoidal shaped country’s troposphere is uncommonly diverse. The total area of land mass is 147,181 Sq. Kms. It spreads a long line of 800 kms with a width of 200 Kms. Nepal can be seen as three physiographic areas; the Mountain Hill, Siwalik region and Terai regions. This diversity accounts for the abundant river water in the country. This environmental unevenness intersects Nepal’s north to south flowing river systems. Nepal is surely a very poor country. Lack of exploitation methodology implemented on natural resources accounts for the failure of increase in living standards of the people. Even today, about half of its population live below the international poverty line(IPL) of US$1.25 a day. The country’s telecommunication system is under rated at the world standards of the current point of international usage of phones. An alarming figure of over 19 people is estimated to use one phone. Jaggedness of the landscapes add to the failure of installation of land line telephones. They are limited to the use of city and town centers only. Nepal’s economy stands at 115th position in the world level. Over 70 percent of the work force in the country contributes to 40 per cent of its GDP. Rest of the work force and

The EERI Oral History Series Reflection Assignment

The EERI Oral History Series Reflection - Assignment Example Berkeley. He convinced the civil engineering chairman at the time to allow for the advanced degree; â€Å"Isn’t it about time that we should start awarding Ph.D.s?†1. In addition to teaching, Egor enthusiasm for engineering led him to work in various exciting positions as an engineer, including E.F. Rudolph, Martin Pohl, Bill Mellema and Southwest Portland Cement Company. Furthermore, as a researcher, Egor took thirty years to pursue the subject of seismic design which was not known to many. As he puts it; â€Å"I undertook an extensive exploration of this difficult problem†2. Secondly, Egor was highly adaptable. This trait is well brought out during his early years as a child. Having been born in Russia, Egor had to endure harsh conditions as a child, partly brought about by the war in Russia. For instance, he and the family had to live on the Hospital Train where his father worked. As he says, they were there for â€Å"two-and-a-half years.† Egor had to live in other places including Hailar, Pogranichnyy, and Harbin before settling in San Fansciso. As a practicing engineer, his ability to adapt to new environments and challenges was put to the test. He worked in various firms in various capacities. Each of these positions brought with them their own unique set of challenges. He worked in more than ten firms as an engineer holding various positions. For example, while working at Bill Mellema in Los Angeles as a seismic designer, Egor was involved in a number of designs and analyses. He notes that work â€Å"varied in complexity; some was in steel , and some in reinforced concrete†3. Furthermore, his ability to adapt to new and challenging environments played an important role in his teaching and research career. For instance, in his early career in teaching at Berkeley, Egor was required to teach three courses to classes some with an enrolment of more than 100 students. He however managed to adapt to this challenge, and even at some point memorizing

Discuss ethical and legal implications of medical errors related to Essay

Discuss ethical and legal implications of medical errors related to healthcare management - Essay Example Hiding a medical error from patients violates ethical codes. Nevertheless, medical practitioners fail to disclose the truth to their patients. Most physicians believe that in the medical profession, errors are forbidden and if they reveal them they could damage their professional reputations (Selbst, 2003). Others also believe that by revealing these errors to the patients as ethically required might reduce the number of referrals they receive thus lowering their income. Moreover, disclosing the truth about medical errors may also increase patient anxiety and erode their trust in future. In addition, most medical professionals also conceal a medical error from patients because of the fear to be punished. They believe that if they reveal an error to a patient they may face a malpractice law suit that could lead to dismissal and hinder their career advancement (Kapp, 1997). However, although most physicians fear to disclose the truth about their mistakes to their patients, it is morally upright to do so. The fear of being blamed should not be a reason of hiding the truth from patient (Wu AW et al, 1997). Moreover, physicians only face more lawsuits when they try to hide the mistakes from their patients who later on realize the truth through other means. Therefore, to reduce medical errors, physicians should address this fear and its

Research entry on John Rawls Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Entry on John Rawls - Research Paper Example On November 24, 2002, the entire American nation encountered the sad demise of John Bordley Rawls. Rawls acquired his dignified professorship degree of James Bryant Conant University from the Harvard University (Wenar 1). He also successfully attained his achievement of Fulbright fellowship at Christ Church, Oxford. Rawls also got several awards of honor and admiration for his services for America. Being truly deserving, Rawls was given Schock Prize for his Logic and philosophical intellect. In 1999, he was given a Medal of recognition for keeping up the spirit of American democracy. Two famous theories of Rawls are ‘Theory of Justice’ and ‘Law of People’. Rawls believed that there was no valid existence of conflict between equality and justice. He tried his level best to clear the opposing pictures of freedom and equality that were developed within the assumptive minds of people. Via his theory of Justice, in 1971, Rawls tried to recreate the prevailing concepts of equality and freedom, and explained to the entire nation that both of the notions have overlying attributes. Both are not perpendicular, in fact they run parallel to each other (Iep.utm.edu 1). Both can together generate an intense power of union that would always have utter fair and just consequences. This theory unfortunately did not bring out much impactful effects as expected. Practically, it wasn’t that balanced and one claim always out ruled the other. Late during his career, Rawls perceived the devastating impact of the international politics those days. Therefore, he outlined the ‘Law of People’ and stated that people having moral values are either ‘liberal’ or ‘decent’ (Wenar 1). He could foresee the excruciating consequences of decent minorities if ways of handling politics were not changed. Law of People was to protect the rights of participation of minorities in the elections as the political scenario was targeting the deprivation of decent people from

Account for the changing attitude of Federral Government to the issue Essay

Account for the changing attitude of Federral Government to the issue of African-American Civil Rights in the period 1863-1965 - Essay Example Likewise, 1965 holds value because it is the year after the Civil Rights act was passed and the year the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed. The Emancipation Proclamation and the Voters Rights Act are separated by virtually 100 years, during which time the Civil Rights Movement and the United States Federal government shared a very tumultuous relationship.In the 1850's and 60's Sojourner Truth played a pivotal part in bringing together diverging groups within the Civil Rights movement, but it would be her historical sit down with President Abraham Lincoln that would signify the start of a collaborative relationship between the movement and the United States Federal government.At a women's rights convention in Akron, Ohio after women had chanted in opposition of Truth speaking, despite their disapproval she stood up and said, "I could work as much and eat as much as a man ... and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman I have borne thirteen children, and seen 'em most all sold of f to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman (Joseph, 1990)" Here Truth's words came to define the role of the black woman in the feminist movement and exemplify the extreme direction of the cause. She identified the place of the woman in American society as equal to a man's. Later on in an Equal Rights Convention in New York, she would go on to say, "There is a great stir about colored men getting their rights, but not a word about the colored women; and if colored men get their rights, and not colored women theirs, you see the colored men will be masters over the women, and it will be just as bad as it was before. So I am for keeping the thing going while things are stirring; because if we wait till it is still, it will take a great while to get it going again (Lewis, 1999)." This attitude she had was a response to the political climate surrounding the Civil Rights activism during her era. It was divided between two groups , black men and white women, leaving no space for the plight of the black woman to protest for her rights. She was essentially a radical feminist because she was a key activist in both the Feminist and the Abolitionist movements, but she denounced the need for male contribution in the drive towards equal rights with statements like, "Where did your Christ come from From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with Him (Lewis, 1999)" "If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it, the men better let them (Lewis, 1999)." Likewise, her book The Narrative of Sojourner Truth, published in 1850 chronicled her life and became used as a powerful doctrine to persuade readers to support abolishing slavery for both male and female blacks, making a prominent figure in both movements. The money she received from the book also provided Truth with the money needed to buy a house in Florence Massachusetts, which was unheard of for a former sla ve. The success of the novel also established her as a respected public speaker known for her insight and wit. This insight she became known for also led her to be the first activist to connect the rights of slaves and blacks with the woman's movement. This was a connection that was met with much resistance by traditional moderate Feminists. Politics It was the Inauguration of President Abraham Lincoln on March 4th, 1961 that would mark the beginning of the United States Federal government's involvement with the Civil Rights

Citi group Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Citi group - Research Paper Example The project also makes a cost and benefit analysis to identify the most suitable application of strategies. Lastly it recommends suitable ways of application of the strategies to produce desired results. This project tries to identify the present problems confronting one of the leading financial service providers in the world, the Citigroup. The company originated in New York and is based all over the world. The period of financial crisis followed by the economic downturn had serious consequences for the company and its stakeholders. It led to the creation of a number of problems for the organization. The project tries to identify those problems. Identification of problems has been supported by provision of data using secondary research. Each problem has been presented explicitly along with data and examples. The project tries to understand the root of these problems and designs suitable strategies to solve them. It also makes a cost and benefit analysis to priorities the list of solutions. Lastly it tries to present the ways in which the company’s mission can be achieved using the strategies. Citi is the leading company in the field of financial services in the global market. The company is based in New York. The company originated from the merging of two banking giants, namely Citicorp and Travelers Group. It is known for having the most efficient and largest financial services network across the globe. Its business is spread across 140 countries and its customer base goes up to 200 million. The company provides a wide range of products and services to customers, institutions, corporations and the government. Its services include â€Å"banking and credit, corporate and investment banking, securities brokerage, transaction services and wealth management† (Citi-a, â€Å"Our Brands†). The company considers providing advisory solutions to clients is of paramount importance. It never fails to reinforce this commitment in every

The Diamonds (author J Sorie Conteh) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Diamonds (author J Sorie Conteh) - Essay Example The story is a classic example of traditional African culture in disagreement with contemporary justice. The Diamonds explores the human misery and social meltdown caused by Sierra Leone's great diamond rush of the 1950s. Gibao Semabu, a successful peasant farmer, leaves his village for the Brave New World of diamond mining at Sewa. It is a totally different, corrupt world, where money is made quickly and then lost, theft is accepted, as long as one is not caught, and prostitution is very much a part of life. Initially timid but driven by an extraordinary ambition to get rich quick, Gibao succumbs to the greed and graft of the mines, and takes things further: he commits ritual murder after being told by a sorcerer that this will help him find large-size diamonds. The Diamonds, on one level, is a parable of the destruction of peasant life by encroaching modernity - in the manner of Thomas Hardy, it juxtaposes the bucolic, beautifully ordered society of rural Sierra Leone with the graft-ridden, violent world of unregulated capitalism, showing how a clash between the two leads to the destruction of the former.

Comparison and Contrast Essay Example for Free

Comparison and Contrast Essay If you were to compare and contrast going to a community college verses going to a university, they can be very different but also one in the same. Some similarities include activities and, class choices. Differences between these two subjects are class size, living, and cost. Going away to school can be a lot different from going to a community college, but in some ways they can be similar also. The first point in which I will discuss is class size. When going to a community college, the class sizes are much smaller than going to a university. With a small class size, it is easier to get more help understanding the subject because there aren’t so many students. Teachers can give their students more one on one attention this way. A similarity between community college and a university is that some universities do have smaller class sizes. There are some classes at universities that aren’t lectures, making class sizes smaller than the usual 100 or more students. Class size at a university is usually much larger because there are a lot more students, with fewer classes. The second point to make in regards to comparing going to a community college and going to a university is the costs are very different. At a university you are paying for all four years whereas at a community college, you only have to pay for a minimum of two years, which makes for saving a lot more money. At a community college, you don’t have to pay anywhere near what you have to pay at a university. Also, at a community college, you aren’t paying for dorm living, which adds on thousands more of dollars. The only similarity between these two different schools costs is the online classes. You have to pay for taking an online class, but of course with a university it will still cost a lot more. They both offer online classes however. Another similarity between going to a community college verses going to a university is you have to pay if you want to be on a sport team. Both schools require money. Participating in activities at school such as sports, clubs, and concert events can be different when going to a community college and a university. Some ways they can be different is at a community college, some based on the size, don’t have football teams. All universities have football teams and stadiums. Community colleges, since they are smaller don’t have big stadiums or a football team. Going along with not having football teams, this means that community colleges don’t have marching bands either. Also, universities have famous people who give concerts and community colleges don’t do that either. Some similarities between school activities are both schools have some kind of clubs where students can join groups and become friends with the people in their clubs. Both colleges offer clubs. They also both have music programs as in band or orchestra or chorus. Both colleges offer music in the music departments. They may not be as large of a group as a university, but they are still offered. As you can see, if you go to a community college you won’t be able to participate sometimes in football, or marching band. Also, if you attend a community college, you can save a lot of money from not living on campus. The other topic I mentioned was class size and how much smaller the class size is compared to a university. The differences between both colleges that I mentioned were at a university there are larger classes, football stadiums, dorm living, and you have to pay much more money for attending a university for four years. Finally, the last thing I talked about were how going to a community college and a university have some things in common such as both having chorus, band, and orchestra. Also, they both have online classes and similar subjects that a student can take. Both colleges have similar activities such as clubs and after school activities. Since attending a community is much smaller, and a university is much larger, there are going to be many differences between these two colleges. But since they are both colleges, there are some similarities between the two of course as well. Regardless, you can now see exactly what they have in common, and what they don’t more clearly now.

Eal Observed In A Primary School

Eal Observed In A Primary School Learning a second language is one adaptation skill that proves to be necessary when diverse cultures come together.   For example, children from diverse linguistic backgrounds study English as a bridge to better education. The Rationale for Planning for Children Learning English as an additional language (2008) advocates that in planning for children who are learning English as an Additional Language (EAL), the following key principles must be observed: that bilingualism is an asset instead of a liability for children who know more than one other language other than their mother tongue or primary language.   This first language is essential not only in learning another language but also for ones identity formation. The EAL provider should keep the learner challenged cognitively with the continuous provision of linguistic and contextual support.   Lastly, the acquisition of another language should go hand in hand with the students cognitive and academic development within the same school environment and the student would not need outside support. It is already integrated in the inclusive curriculum given to the learner. Cummins (1984) came up with a matrix to explain the dynamics of second language learning development. One axis represents the BICS or the Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills while the other axis represents the CALP or the Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency.   Baker (2006) explains that students engage in BICS when they communicate with contextual supports and props such as face-to face â€Å"context embedded† situations where they read the other persons non-verbal gestures, hand movements and sounds to support verbal communication. On the other hand, CALP happens in â€Å"context reduced† situations requiring higher order thinking skills such as analysis, synthesis or evaluation. This is usually encountered in more academic learning and communication where language is â€Å"disembedded† (Baker, 2006). This paper will report observations in a primary school that embraces multiculturalism and multilingualism and analyzed according to theories and to its compliance to standards and policies for implementing English as an Additional Language (EAL). Observations were done for key stage 2. The physical environment of the school and classroom Upon entering the school, a large map welcomes people with the sign that read: â€Å"Welcome to our school.   We come from all over the world and we speak 27 languages†.   For each language, it was connected to the country of origin as indicated in the map.   This sign gave a very warm welcome to anyone who visited the school no matter what culture he or she comes from. An IT room is available for any EAL learner to use whenever one needs to consult a computer for spelling or grammar or anything that pertains to the English language.   This additional resource to support their learning is another indication that the school anticipates learners needs and provides them when called for. The classroom observed had a big inflatable globe which represents a wide range of diversity is accepted there.   The children can freely explore the globe and search for their own countries and link it to their native language. A trained EAL teacher was employed by the school to help facilitate the cognitive, language and literacy development of foreign children.   Adults play a huge role in the language development of children, as they need someone who uses simple language in correct form and is flexible enough adjust his language to suit the childs (Clay, 1988).   Having a good second language teacher is essential to learning the language more fluently.   The researcher does not discount the fact that imitation of proper pronunciation and intonation is necessary. Hence, learners should have attentive ears and retentive minds, and of course, cooperative tongues to be able to speak fluently in such language.   Children also need opportunities to practice speaking and listening to the second language outside the language lessons, so that means they need a support system of learners to interact with. The school acknowledged and respected the childrens different cultures. As an example, the school held a Polish mass celebrated by a Polish priest on Tuesdays. Cummins (1986) contend that children are empowered when their cultural roots are celebrated.   Usually, when schools and teachers do not seriously consider foreign students their native culture, these children feel unaccepted and unworthy to belong to their classes, hence display inappropriate behavior.   They become lost in terms of academic achievement and develop insecurities about their skin color, ethnic characteristics or language accents.   Such embarrassment develops stress or anxiety during class. The students family may likewise seem withdrawn or non-participative in their childrens schooling and feel the same sense of not belonging to the new culture they have joined.   In view of this, culturally-relevant teaching must be learned by teachers.   Such teaching takes into consideration the cultural background of the students at all times.   It also keeps in mind cultural aspects in all interactions with students on both personal and educational levels. (Edwards Kuhlman, 2007).   Students cultures, languages and experiences need to be acknowledged, valued andused as important sources of their education because they deserve the best that society can give them.   This involves teachers learning about students backgrounds and personal experiences to use as tools to make connections with these students.   Some strategies that teachers can employ are the inclusion of the various histories, contributions, perspectives and concerns relevant to the diverse backgrounds of students (The IRIS Center for Training Enhancements, n.d.).   Incorporating these in the curriculum makes learning meaningful to these students.   Multicultural education using literature from various cultures engages such children in reading and writing and makes them eager to learn the social or cultural contributions made by various groups of people. Observations of the children It was learned that the children in the school were not allowed to speak their native language within the classroom but they are free to speak it outside with their peers.   This is part of their learning the English language in the classroom. This may be considered by the school as an effective way to immerse the children in the English language, however, the Rationale for planning for children learning English as an additional language (2008) recommends that children have free access to their primary language (L1) in order to fully understand their second or additional language (L2), so the classroom teacher should be more lenient in allowing children to use their L1 in class as a tool to learn their L2. There was quite a number of foreign students enrolled in the school.   The researcher approached some and asked them some questions regarding EAL.   Two Portuguese children were observed to be peer-teaching.   One was already fluent in the English language while the other was still struggling so the more adept one was helping him translate some words. Vygotsky (1962, as mentioned in Clay, 1998) emphasizes the value of childrens talk and their growing ability to articulate their understanding of their world orally and in writing.   Taking part in negotiating meanings is part of the educational process, and Vygotsky believes that just being with others helps children learn. In observing the two Portuguese children, some theories may explain why the more English language-adept child uses their native Portuguese to teach the less knowledgeable child. Swain Lapkin (2000) conclude in their study that the first language is by default, a tool used by students to learn their second language.   Collaborating with other students in tasks for learning a second language, students try to make sense of the requirements and content of the task, focusing their attention on language form vocabulary use and overall organization, then turn to their native language to process and discuss before finally getting back to completing the task.   Swain and Lapkin point out that without the use of their native language, they might not be able to accomplish the task effectively or it might not be accomplished at all.   They argue that the insistence of not being allowed to access their first language in a linguistically and cognitively complex task of decoding a second lan guage task would deprive them of an important cognitive tool.   They stress that bilingual programs that allow for the development and maintenance of the first language while learning the second language are successful in both goals. The researcher interviewed two students who both spoke Spanish.   When asked if they speak to each other in their native language, they admitted they only speak it at home with their parents.   They did not speak it in school and said they were more comfortable speaking in English because most of the time they were in school and with friends who all spoke the English language.   In this case, Lamberts (1977) subtractive bilingualism seems to be taking place as the childrens first language is being extinguished by the second language which is English.   Otto (2010) elaborates on Lamberts   theories on bilingualism. One issue in second language acquisition is its effect on the first language of the individual.   The immense concentration necessary to learn a second language may create a negative impact on the first language. This is known as Subtractive bilingualism.   When a child becomes fluent in a second language due to immersion in that language, there is a strong te ndency to forget the first language, causing disruptions in communication with family members who only know the first language.   Transmission of cultural beliefs and parenting interactions would need a shared language for it to be successful. If not, social relationships with families or other members of the community who are monolingual may break down. On the other hand, in learning a second language, a child need not forget the first language, but can be fluent in both.   This is called Additive Bilingualism which means that although a child actively learns a second language, concurrently, there is continued development in the home language (Lambert, 1977; Otto, 2010).   The goal is to enhance language skills in both languages.   In view of this, the case of the two Spanish boys interviewed by the researcher may also display additive bilingualism because they continue to speak L1 at home even if they are gaining competence in L2 in school and with peers. Two boys from Ethiopia do not speak the same language even if they come from the same country. In the different parts they come from, different languages were also used.   One of the boys speaks three languages French, English and Portuguese because his mother came from Portugal and his father from Ethiopia.   The other boy speaks Amharic which is similar to Arabic, but he is from Ethiopia.   Leon (1996) has outlined the need for migrant workers and their families to be supported in gaining English-speaking competencies to enable them to live more satisfying lives in English-speaking environments. He said lack of bilingual support for students impedes their motivation to learn, as they could not cope with other English-speaking peers, so they feel unwanted, and just skip school.   Gaining English language competency for these children will also raise their self-esteem so they get to be more confident to develop more personal and academic skills. Although the observations were limited to what has been reported, it already gave the researcher a good picture of how the school upholds the EAL program.   The foreign children seem to be comfortable in the school setting as they have settled in well in a welcoming environment.   The government consultation document ‘Aiming High: Raising the Achievement of Minority Ethnic Pupils (DfES 2003) states that â€Å"the particular needs of bilingual pupils are best met through a coordinated whole school approach led by headteachers and senior managers.† (DfES, 2005, p. 14).   The ethos of the primary school observed reflected a clear respect for the multicultural perspective. Otto (2010) contends that one of the main challenges posed by the English as a Second Language (ESL) approach is the development, selection and implementation of effective strategies and instructional techniques to suit the diverse learners since they come from various backgrounds.   The Rationale for planning for children learning English as an additional language (2008) takes upon Vygotskys (1978) concept of â€Å"scaffolding†.   As the term implies, scaffolds are temporary supports in the process of learning which are gradually taken away when the student is already capable of learning without them.   In EAL, scaffolding comes in three forms, One is scaffolding by adults by making their expectations clear by sharing learning objectives and criteria for success with the students by way of modeling and demonstrating the English language, ‘recasting of the childrens language from their L1 and providing them with opportunities to use their whole language repertoire to aid them in understanding their L2.   Another form of scaffolding is through collaborative work.   They engage in small group talks or work in pairs, usually with children who are more adept in the language are paired with children who are less adept, such as the two Portuguese boys observed peer-teaching in the school. The teacher may also use scaffolding thro ugh visual support, via pictures, props, models, frames and language prompts, graphic organizers, diagrams, maps, plans and essentially all the print and picture cues they put up in the environmental setting (Rationale, 2008).   Most of these scaffolds were observed in the school. The numerous issues on second language learning, especially English, only prove that it is creating much impact on the development of children from diverse cultures.   More and more people consider its advantages and possible disadvantages.   Such amount of attention is worth it because people think up of ways on how to maximize its benefits.   Learning another language apart from ones native language helps children be ready to be highly competent in an increasingly globalized world.   However, although they become bilingual, it should not be forgotten that they also become bicultural, and learning of one language and the culture that goes with it does not mean forgetting their original one. Teachers should take into consideration that their non-English speaking students should learn English in both its context and language elements so the students gain a better understanding and appreciation of the English language.

Personal Counseling: Theory of Change Essay -- Psychology

Over the last 100 years, the underpinning concepts in the fields of psychology and counseling were wrought. Within this period, these concepts have transformed and evolved from somewhat crude conceptions of the psyche toward more holistic interventions and approaches. As the profession continues to move forward, adaptations of the original theorists regarding the nature of man and the development of personality continue to emerge. These adaptations, along with the integration of new concepts and ideas, continue to contribute to the field. The author describes his view of man and human nature, personality development, and explores potential implications for counseling. Nature of Man The work of Sigmund Freud continues to influence contemporary practice, as many of his basic concepts remain the foundation from which other theorists develop. Freud described life instincts, a central tenant of the Freudian approach, as instincts that serve the purpose of survival for man as well as the human race. Glasser’s Choice Theory maintains that human behavior is internally motivated by five genetic impulses. The first noted among these impulses is survival (Skeen, 2002; Wubbolding, 2005). Man is a carnal being, sharing the same defensive and predatory instincts found throughout the animal kingdom. Man has basic needs and is driven towards satisfying them. When examining the development of the human brain, it is known the first portion to develop is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is the seat of human life support systems and our natural instincts. Sharing the fight or flight responses, the experience of apprehension towards looming animals or objects, and a need to live and reproduce are innate. These all may be experienced to differen... ... Journal of Individual Psychology, 38(1), 1-6. Adler, K. A. (1994). Socialist influences on Adlerian psychology. Individual Psychology, 50(2), 131-141. Day, S. X. (2008). Theory and design in counseling and psychology. Boston: Lahaska. Manaster, G. J. (1987). Adlerian theory and movement. Individual Psychology, 43(3), 280-287. Minor, J. (2007). Some reasons why I use REBT in my private practice and personal life. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 320-323. Shaughnessy, M. F., & Mahan, V. (2002). An interview with Albert Ellis about rational emotive behavior therapy. North American Journal of Psychiatry, 4(3), 355-366. Skeen, J. W. (2002). Choice theory, virtue ethics, and the sixth need. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 21(1), 14-19. Wubbolding, R. E. (2005). The power of belonging. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 24(2), 43-44.

Sherlock Holmes :: English Literature

Sherlock Holmes What qualities are there in Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories which have sustained their popularity for so many years? Conan Doyle was among the first writers of detective stories and novels in England. The first novel recognised as a detective story was written in 1868, by Wilkie Collins entitled "The Moonstone". Later in 1870, the popular novelist Charles Dickens also tried his hand at writing a detective novel called "The Mystery of Edwin Drood". These early detective stories have not become as famous as Doyle's creation for a number of reasons, one of which is that when Doyle began writing his novels there was a greater demand in general for stories, as more people were becoming educated and were taught how to read. Consequently, when the stories about Holmes were published, there was a growing readership in England, greater than there had been in Dickens' and Collins' time. Furthermore, the fact that dialect was rarely used in any of the Sherlock Holmes stories, unlike other works of the time, made it easier for people to read and understand the content, particularly those who had only recently acquired the basic skill of reading. In addition, as the stories were originally published in the "Strand" magazine, this made them fairly accessible, and therefore they enjoyed a wider social readership. The stories were often shorter than those of other writers, and thus avoided unnecessary detail. Generally, the stories have a distinct and succinct plot structure and were supported by illustrations, which I suggest, played a part in the general success. Because the popularity of his detective stories increased rapidly, yet at the same time Doyle was becoming more and more uncomfortable with his character. He wanted, out of personal preference to devote greater time to other forms of writing. He decided that the best way to do this was to end the life of Sherlock Holmes with a dramatic story involving Holmes' worst enemy, Professor Moriarty. Doyle sent his famous detective and his enemy plunging to their deaths at the Reichenbach Falls in Switzerland. Doyle, however, had underestimated the popularity of his character, because when his followers read "The Adventure of the Final Problem" there was a public outcry over his action. He received many letters from infuriated readers and some men actually marched through London, wearing black crepe bands around their hats, indicating their remorse for the death of their favourite detective. It has been suggested that it was the popularity of Sherlock Holmes, which kept the "The Strand" magazine in business, and when Doyle's stories did not appear in it, there were fewer copies sold, showing the tremendous popularity of the detective.

Sleepwalking Essay -- Research Psychology Essays

Sleepwalking Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, belongs to a group of parasomnias. This disorder of arousal is characterized by complex motor behaviors initiated during stages 3 and 4 of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep (slow-wave sleep) (3). Behaviors during sleepwalking episodes can vary greatly. Some episodes are limited to sitting up, fumbling and getting dressed, while others include more complex behaviors such as walking, driving a car, or preparing a meal (2). After awakening, the sleepwalker usually has no recollection of what has happened and may appear confused and disoriented. The behaviors performed while sleepwalking are said to be autonomous automatisms. These are nonrelfex actions performed without conscious volition and accomplished independently from the I-function (3). This insinuates that everything done while sleepwalking is involuntary because the exhibited behavior is not a result of the I-function's output. Therefore if the I-function is not involved what causes people to sl eepwalk? What happens to the I-function during sleepwalking? What does this imply about brain and behavior? Sleep is a succession of five recurring stages: four non-REM stages and the REM stage. Researchers have classified these stages of sleep by monitoring muscle tone, eye movements, and the electrical activity of the brain using an electroencephalogram (EEG) (4). EEG readings measure brain waves and classify them according to speed. Alertness consists of desynchronized beta activity whereas relaxation and drowsiness consist of alpha activity (4). Stage 1 sleep includes alternating patterns of alpha activity, irregular fast activity and the presence of some theta activity. This stage is a transition between sleep and wakefulness (4... ...it can function independently from it. Despite my greater understanding of somnambulism I was unable to determine why the nervous system causes people to sleepwalk. It has been shown that no dreaming occurs during these stages of sleep. Therefore I do not understand what sleepwalkers are acting out. This question still remains open for investigation. Works Cited 1)Bassetti, C., Vella, S., Donati, F., Wielepp, P. Weder, B. SPECT during sleepwalking. Lancet 2000 Aug 5; 356(9228):484-85 2)3)Masand, P., Popli, A., Weilburg, J. Sleepwalking. American Family Physician 1995. v5 n3 p649. 4)Carlson, N. Physiology of Behavior. 7th ed. Allyn and Bacon. USA, 2001 5)McCarley, R.W. and Hobson, J. A. The form of dreams and the biology of sleep. In the Handbook of dreams: Research, Theory, and Applications, edited by B. Wolman. New York: Can Nostrand Reinhold, 1979.

Stay at Home Mom

â€Å"Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, â€Å"She doesn't have what it takes. †Ã‚   They will say, â€Å"Women don't have what it takes. †Ã‚  Being a stay at home mother has its benefits but it most definitely has its flaws. In the old days women had no choice but to stay at home; cooking, cleaning, making sure dinner was ready on time. They had no say if they wanted to work or finish school. Just imagine living day to day in the same routine. Visualize waking up at 6:30 am making the beds, then breakfast and that kiss goodbye before he went to work.At first this must feel amazing spending all this time with your child bonding and not missing a moment. But where’s your me time? 4 out of 5 mothers are happier when they work. They can have adult conversations and take a sick day. Being a stay at home mom is a 24-hour, 7-day-a-week job with no pay. What woman wants to feel financially dependent of her spouse? â€Å"I see my husband once a week. But since he is making the bulk of the income, I can't really be resentful about that. At the same time, I feel like we have two separate lives. † In this day and age budgets are tighter than usual. Why add on to your stress with bills and payments.It’s true that you might miss out on your child’s first word or first steps but absence makes the heart grow fonder. You can’t be a stay at home mom forever. What will you do with your free time when your child starts school? In most cases the child grows too attached to their mom and doesn’t have enough communication skills to share with other kids. Daycare has evolved because you can go to work and your child learns how to play others. Children become more independent and self-reliant when they don't have you there to do everything for them, which is better for both of you in the long run.You lose a lot of your freedom because your child has to go everywhere with you even the bathroom. When you need time to cook or just take a breather who’s to say you won’t just place your child in front of the TV for an hour. Women fought for the opportunity to be as equal as men especially in the job area. We are not less of a mother for thinking of ourselves a little. This shows your child to be strong and independent. Your child will grow attached to you but you will also be more attached to your child. What happens when college comes along and your baby is leaving you. What will you do with all that time, Knit, bake, read.You’ll go mad and feel abandoned. You won’t have the skills you did when you were working. Not to say that one is easier than the other they both take a lot of effort. After you work you’ll be exhausted and trying to find time for your kid and husband. You will feel pressured to make the time you do have with your kid’s quality time, so you can actually overwhelm them. As a stay at home mom you w ill have time to clean and more time with friends and family. But overall the extra effort is worth it. Woman will feel more accomplished in their life’s and have a sense of purpose.

Econ 510 Exam 1 Study Guide

Intermed Micro Exam 1 Chapter 1 (Powerpoint Slides) Economics- Unlimited wants and limited resources Microeconomics- Branch of economics that deals with the behavior of individual economic units. Units such as, consumers, firms, workers, and investors, as well as the markets that these units comprise. Macroeconomics- Branch of economics that deals with aggregate economic variables. Such as the level and growth rate of national output, interest rates, unemployment, and inflation. Micro Economics is a story of trade-offs that consumers, workers & firms face and shows how these trade-offs are best made.Key Players – Consumers, Workers, Firms Trade offs for Consumers: Limited Incomes – To save or to spend. If save then for HOW LONG and of-course HOW MUCH If spend then on WHAT and HOW MUCH This gives birth to the CONSUMER THEORY, which talks about the preferences, choices, utility etc. Trade offs for Workers: Time: Leisure Vs. Labor Whether and when to enter the work forceâ € ¦. Pay scale is dependent on education Choice of employment: Risky but high paying VS safe but less money Trade offs for Firms: What to produce? How much to produce? Example: Any company in the world would love to produce everything and reap profits but can’t do it.Central planned economy- Prices are set by the gov’t In a market economy- Prices are determined by the interactions of consumers, workers, and firms. These interactions occur in markets—collections of buyers and sellers that together determine the price of a good. In economics, EXPLANATION and PREDICTION are based on theories and models. Theories- are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions. Model – is a mathematical representation, based on economic theory, of a firm, a market, and some other entity.Positive Analysis – describing relationships of cause and effect. Normative Analysis – Analysis examining questions of what ought to be. Competitive Market – market with MANY buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker. Non-Competitive Market – Seller or buyer can influence the prices Market Boundary – GEOGRAPHICAL and RANGE of products Why is boundary important? To get to know about actual and potential competitors and its helpful in making Public plicies. Example: Pain Killers REAL Vs. NOMINAL pricesNominal price – Absolute price of a good, UNADJUSTED for inflation Real Price – Price of a good relative to an aggregate measure of prices; price ADJUSTED for inflation Consumer Price Index – Measure of the aggregate price level. Producer Price Index – Measure of the aggregate price level for INTERMEDIATE products and WHOLESALE goods. REAL vs. NOMINAL pricing The real price of eggs in 1970 dollars is calculated as follows: The real price of eggs in 1970 dollars is calculated as follows: The real price of eggs in 1990 dollars is calculated as follows: Public Policy – * Great impact on Economics * Can change course of the marketChapter 2 (Powerpoint Slides) Supply Curve – Relationship between the quantity of a good that producers are willing to sell and the price of the good The Supply curve is upward slopping: The higher the price, the more firms are able and willing to produce and sell. If production costs fall, firms can produce the same quantity at a lower price of a larger quantity at the same price. The supply curve then shifts to the right. Insert Graph by hand: The Supply Curve – is thus a relationship between the quantity supplied and the price. We can write this relation as an equation: QS = QS(P) Other Variable That Affect Supply are:Production costs, including wages, interest charges, and the costs of raw materials. When production costs decrease, output increases no matter what the market price happens to be. The entire supply curve thus shifts to the right. Chan ge in supply or Shifts in the supply curve Vs Change in the quantity supplied or Movements along the supply curve. The Demand Curve – Relationship between the quantity of a good that consumers are willing to buy and the price of the good. Equation can be written: QD = QD(P) Insert Graph by hand: A higher demand curve shifts the demand curve to the right. Downward Sloping) Shifting the Demand Curve – If the market price were held constant at P1, we would expect to see an increase in the quantity demanded—say from Q1 to Q2, as a result of consumers’ higher incomes. Because this increase would occur no matter what the market price, the result would be a shift to the right of the entire demand curve. Insert Graph by hand: Shifting the Demand Curve Substitutes – Two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the quantity demanded of the other. Complements – Two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded of the other.THE MARKET MECHANISM The market clears at price P0 and quantity Q0. At the higher price P1, a surplus develops, so price falls. At the lower price P2, there is a shortage, so price is bid up. Insert Graph by hand: Equilibrium (aka market clearing) price – Price that equates the quantity supplied to the quantity demanded. Market Mechanism- Tendency in a free market for price to change until the market clears. Surplus – Situation in which the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded. Shortage – Situation in which the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. CHANGES IN MARKET EQUILIBRIUMNew Equilibrium following Shift in Supply When the supply curve shifts to the right, the market clears at a lower price P3 and a larger quantity Q3. Insert Graph by hand: New Equilibrium following Shift in Demand When the demand curve shifts to the right, the market clears at a higher price P3 and a larger quantity Q3. Insert Graph by hand: New Equilibrium following Shifts in Supply and Demand Supply and demand curves shift over time as market conditions change. In this example, rightward shifts of the supply and demand curves lead to a slightly higher price and a much larger quantity.In general, changes in price and quantity depend on the amount by which each curve shifts and the shape of each curve. Insert Graph by hand: From 1970 to 2007, the real (constant-dollar) price of eggs fell by 49 percent, while the real price of a college education rose by 105 percent. What are the possible reasons for such a sharp change : The mechanization of poultry farms sharply reduced the cost of producing eggs coupled with sharp decline in demand for eggs shifted by health-conscious population who tended to avoid eggs.As for college, increases in the costs of equipping and maintaining modern classrooms, laboratories, and libraries, along with increases in faculty salaries, pushed the supply curve up. Demand for college increased as a larger percentage of a growing number of high school graduates decided that a college education was essential & paying. Market for Eggs The supply curve for eggs shifted downward as production costs fell; the demand curve shifted to the left as consumer preferences changed. As a result, the real price of eggs fell sharply and egg consumption rose. Insert Graph by hand: Market for College EducationThe supply curve for a college education shifted up as the costs of equipment, maintenance, and staffing rose. The demand curve shifted to the right as a growing number of high school graduates desired a college education. As a result, both price and enrollments rose sharply. Insert Graph by hand: Supply and Demand for New York City Office Space Following 9/11 the supply curve shifted to the left, but the demand curve also shifted to the left, so that the average rental price fell. Insert Graph by hand: Elasticity – Percentage change in one variable resulting from a 1% increase in another.Price Elasticity of Demand – Percentage change in quantity demanded of a good resulting from a 1% increase in its price. Linear Demand Curve – Demand curve that is a STRAIGHT LINE. Linear Demand Curve The price elasticity of demand depends not only on the slope of the demand curve but also on the price and quantity. The elasticity, therefore, varies along the curve as price and quantity change. Slope is constant for this linear demand curve. Near the top, because price is high and quantity is small, the elasticity is large in magnitude. The elasticity becomes smaller as we move down the curve.Insert Graph by hand: Infinitely Elastic Demand – Principle that consumers will buy as much of a good as they can get at a single price, but for any higher price the quantity demanded drops to zero, while for any lower price the quantity demanded increases without limit. a. ) For a horizontal demand curve, ? Q/? P is infinite. Because a tiny ch ange in price leads to an enormous change in demand, the elasticity of demand is infinite. Insert Graph by hand: Completely Inelastic Demand – Principle that consumers will buy a fixed quantity of a good regardless of its price. b. For a vertical demand curve, ? Q/? P is zero. Because the quantity demanded is the same no matter what the price, the elasticity of demand is zero. Insert Graph by hand: Other Demand Elasticities Income Elasticity of Demand – Percentage change in the quantity demanded resulting from a 1% increase in income. Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand – Percentage change in the quantity demanded of one good resulting from a 1% increase in the price of another. Elasticities of Supply Price Elasticity of Supply – Percentage change in quantity supplied resulting from a 1% increase in price.SHORT-RUN vs LONG-RUN ELASTICITIES Demand Gasoline: Short-Run and Long-Run Demand Curves a. ) In the short run, an increase in price has only a small effec t on the quantity of gasoline demanded. Motorists may drive less, but they will not change the kinds of cars they are driving overnight. In the longer run, however, because they will shift to smaller and more fuel-efficient cars, the effect of the price increase will be larger. Demand, therefore, is more elastic in the long run than in the short run. Insert Graph by hand:

Philosophy of life Essay

What is the meaning of life? The answer to this question has sought over since mankind became capable of exercising their brain capacity past a level of primal instinct. In general life is rather meaningless, we all simply exist together on this planet. But before one dwells on the pointlessness of human existence, they should think about the purpose of each individual person in our society. We create goals for ourselves; we all have a role to play in our society. In a sense, we choose our future and in doing so, give ourselves a purpose to live. The purpose of human existence in general may be absent, but in our society and through our goals and achievements, I believe each individual creates their own purpose. Through one question I realized this great truth: what do you want to be when you grow up? For the longest time, I didn’t know what I wanted to be when I grew up. What did it matter to me anyway? I was a kid (well, I suppose I still am) and didn’t like any of the generic jobs they told us about in elementary school. Police force, teachers, fireman, none of them interested me. Then, in middle school, my life changed, a lot. I got completely new friends, after the old ones left me behind. I slowly started to become more and more enclosed, I spent most of my time out of school alone. As I developed into this over-dramatic teenage state, life suddenly became meaningless. I would often find myself sitting bored in my room, mindlessly surfing the internet or playing videogames. I slowly started to hate it; it was like I could feel my brain melting inside my head. I needed to find a more constructive hobby, and so I found myself musical instruments and started creating more and more music every day. Music became my life and from then on, I knew that my goal, the meaning of my life, was to become a musician. I believe that life was meant to be enjoyed; nobody wants to spend their life in a dead end job. After all, just how much meaning is in an unhappy life? Just ask Monty Python’s John Cleese, who states, â€Å"If I had not gone into Monty Python, I probably would have stuck to my original plan to graduate and become a chartered accountant, or perhaps a barrister lawyer, and gotten a nice house in the suburbs with a nice wife and kids, and gotten a country club membership, and then I would have killed myself. † I find this quote strongly inspiring because instead of choosing a highly respectable, well paying job and living a comfortable life, he choose to work with some of most popular men to ever wear woman’s clothing. Comedy is what he finds gives meaning to his life, and although his second choices would have been nice, Cleese didn’t find as much value in them as he did in Monty Python. Perhaps life itself is meaningless, but I believe it doesn’t have to be. I believe that a happy life is a meaningful one. I believe that mankind may not collectively have a reason for existence or a common goal, but each individual certainly does. I believe that each and every person has to create their own reason to live, instead of waiting for that reason to come to them, or they must just find themselves waiting forever.

Perspective on sex

How do we explain sexuality from God's stand point, when we talk with teens, taming our own desires, and the sexual challenges that face us all? This paper will take you through the four different elements that will guide to a greater understanding of human sexuality, of what God has in store for us. God gave mankind the ability to have sex; his commandments are clear on how to become one with him. Sex Is not only for a few moments of pleasure, but a way for husband and wife to become one with God.I intend to explain to you the important benefits you will receive though intimacy, how and why one should abstain from sex until marriage, and how to develop the intimacy back into the marriage. Where does real Intimacy come from and how can we build the Intimacy with another person we desire? The meaning behind Intimacy Is finding someone to be close to that they we may find interesting. In the theology of love, intimacy is finding someone who you are willing to let everything go to find a special kind love that can be graced by God.Clark described Agape as the love for a person, someone you are willing to omit your heart and soul to, based on how you care for that one person, a forever lasting love, the complete willingness to change how you feel Just to be with that other person (Clark). By Intimacy we are allowing our own self to be seen by another, without regard to what or how we feel, but real intimacy starts when another person connects with your heart, and soul. According to the dictionary intimacy is defined as a close reunion or a combination of elements that connect together to make one (Dictionary. Mom). Above all you may think that sex makes a relationship, yet it is only he intimate form of the expression, sex is not intimacy only the physical form of intimacy. At the same time the relationship Is new, the couple prefers to spend time together to communicate emotional feelings, they may begin to hold hands as a way of physical touch, and they will date , discuss intellectual issues, they may pray together, and come to a term of how far of a commitment they may wish to carry out (Clark).First of all when the couple marries, they have decided to base their relationship on mutually shared covenant commitment and to consummate their allegations In a sexual union (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 147). However, act between two relationship (Bailiwick, 2008). In the eyes of God their union of husband and wife is graced with God's love, since God has created mankind to know one another, Just as Adam and Eve. God gave mankind the ability to become intimate with another, and is graced by Him.Beneficial effects for a person's well-being, is the feeling of undefined love between two people, with women it is the love she sees in the eyes of her husband, and the ability to discuss anything with her husband without fear. For the man he shall see his beloved, and hold her to him, yet be allowed to communicate all of his fears, and intentions that he has una fraid of reticule. The benefit of welling being can also be that you have now found the soul mate for you that were preordained by God to give the couple a closer relationship with them, and God.Likewise the purpose of abstinence before marriage in Christianity is something the person must decide for themselves (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 146). Throughout the Bible, God tells us to be pure of heart and soul, when we have sex before marriage as in 1 Corinthian 6:15-7 Paul reminds mankind that when we come from two bodies and become becoming one flesh, it is similar to uniting oneself with God, and making a union, ever though the couple does not plan to wed (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 147). Premarital sex is defined as sex between two unmarried people who do not share a mutual covenant commitment.In the Bible, God defines premarital sex as fornication or sexual immorality, since the act of sex seals the union, whether or not the couple marries (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 147). Wherefore, when a couple enters into an agreement hat they will not have sexually relations before marriage, they understand the Chastity that they must go beyond the â€Å"letter of the law'. Restraint from premarital sex, according to Buckler and Barman decreased the chance of sexual transmitted diseases, and unwanted pregnancy (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 146).Whereas, refraining from sex before marriage minimizes the sins of the person, and leads them to God. When we yield to the temptations that pull us from the direction of God, we will start down the path that only leads to the destruction of sexual behaviors (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 58). With the attention turning to elements that determine if one is practicing healthy sexuality usually takes us deeper into the person themselves. Whereas, one who practices a healthy sexuality does not use sex as a substitute for their own emotional needs (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 52) thus, this will only complicate the persons Christian thoughts. Overall, a person reserve the ri ght to always be allowed to say â€Å"no† to their partner, having the strength and ego to say no to anyone who approaches them for sex without feeling obligated to anyone (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 52). Ordinarily married couple will have sex for pleasure alone, not only to procreate, and feel closer to God. Meanwhile the single person should refrain from sexual interactions, avoid using pornographic material, since pornographic material gives the male an illusion of what the female body should look like.For instance, Gods words Jude 1:7. In a similar way, Stood and Sonogram and the surrounding towns gave themselves up to sexual immorality and perversion. They serve as an example of those who suffer the punishment of eternal fire. The use of pornographic trials, the internet, and late night skin shows are all immoral ways that do not constitute a healthy sexuality in mankind, but the path to damnation. Whereas, a person who practices unhealthy sexuality will seek out sex for plea sure only, not this person may feel that they are in love, it is not looking or caring of the other's needs.Therefore, their belief system or core beliefs are mistaken by hormones alone. However, do not have sex for the sake of sex being only body pleasure, it may bring a few minutes of orgasmic sensation, however, it is devoid of relation meaning (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 1 54). Throughout marriage the marriage it may be lose its appeal becoming stagnated or less interesting (Hart) Dry. Catherine Hart Weber describes it as men and women each have different ideas about sexual images (Hart-Weber). Whereas, women wants romance, and to talk, men only want one thing sex.Yet, women may start to see themselves as overweight, suffer from depression, and develop low self-esteem. However, ways to prevent loss of intimacy in the relationship is to discuss anything that is bothering the couple. Whereas, Pastor Chris Adams speaks of how a difficulty separating values and mindset between the couple, his is a time where communication is vital (Adams). Some steps that may be useful in keeping intimacy in a relationship are communication, expression of emotions of partners, romance, and the man telling the woman how beautiful she is.Although, not all people feel comfortable with expressions of their emotions, explaining this to the other will open new doors to explore. In conclusion, God did intend for mankind to come together as one flesh, only after marriage. Yet keeping intimacy in a relationship that is absent of sex give us the basic human need of skin to skin contact (Bailiwick, 2008 pig. 55) however, this does not mean that in the beginning of the relationship sex is necessary. Only when two people who deeply love one another, and marry, can they truly become one in the eyes of God.

Human Rights and Same-Sex Marriage Research Paper

Human Rights and Same-Sex Marriage - Research Paper Example In following this line of reasoning though, one may say that since it is a violation of the constitution to deny anyone of their civil rights, it is therefore unconstitutional to deny people should they want to enter into same-sex marriages. However, for one to claim violation, one must prove first that same-sex marriage is part of the protected rights of the Constitution. This paper aims to correct the presumption that same-sex marriages should be legalized because every individual should be allowed to marry. The truth is, marriage is set as heterosexual by nature, thus, marriage policy limiting the union to only between one man and one woman does not violate the Equal Protection Clause or any other legal or moral principle (Stacey 27). Law protects such union to ensure the continuation of species. The law was not placed there to protect the emotional wants of individuals. Simply put, there is no right to same-sex marriages, thus, homosexuals are not being denied of their right. In fact, if one looks at the natural needs of a child to be raised by both biological parents, the natural need of a man to be ensured of paternity, and the natural need of a woman to be with her child (Stacey 27-8), not legalizing same-sex marriages protects these natural rights. It is Not Included in One’s Civil Rights Civil law is one of the greatest contentions about marriage. Literally speaking, laws governing marriages has always been a concern of the state and not the federal government. In any case, however, it has been long ignored that marriage is actually an institutional union between one man and one woman (McVeigh and Maria-Elena 891-2). Those who argue that same-sex marriages should be considered a civil right and should be treated just like any heterosexual monogamous marriage are doing so based on the principle of the Equal Protection Clause. This is, however, a flawed argument. It is absolutely wrong to consider that one’s constitutional rights ensure equ al treatment that includes the aspect of marriage. One must understand that equal treatment, as according to the Constitution, does not give reference to social relationships such as families, marriages, friendships, and the likes (McVeigh and Maria-Elena 899). A good example of this is a relationship between two friends who decide to consider their relationship as marriage. Such consideration of the friends involved in the friendship cannot go to the courts and demand equal protection rights just because they finally decided to consider their friendship as marriage. To do so is tantamount to saying that just because some people in a certain sports event pray together before the start of the event, courts are required to work under the equal protection law and allow these particular sports event goers to redefine the event as a religious ceremony. Social Reality Cannot be Declared by the Constitution Social reality cannot be defined merely by civil rights. The equal protection under the civil rights is there only to guarantee that every citizen will be treated equally. This means that the law should start by acknowledging and segregating characteristics and inconsistencies in reality so as to bestow upon each party what is rightfully theirs (Bily 27-8). For example, the government recognizes a relationship between two contracting parties who agree to fulfill a transaction of mowing the lawn. However, the law governing the contracts does not define beforehand what kinds of contracts can be done or can be accepted. This law, instead, merely makes clear how binding a consensual contract is, and what legal obligations both agreeing parties have in fulfilling the contract. This law also clarifies the consequences should one or both parties breach stipulations in the contract

Compare and contrast two pieces of art Research Paper

Compare and contrast two pieces of art - Research Paper Example It was painted between the years 1829-32 and is one of the most renowned pieces of work by Hokusai. The painting shows a picture of a huge wave intimidating boats all around it, close to the Kanagawa or Japanese prefecture. Most of the times, people mistake the wave to be a part of the tsunami since the disaster is a very common phenomenon near Japan and the Japanese islands. However, it is a wave of the open sea, a commonality in the region of the water body there. Mount Fuji can also be seen in the background of the picture. The dormant volcano has formed a very important part of Japanese paintings and art because of its significance in the environment around the waves. It is also sometimes painted in order to depict the kind of warning the volcano is supposed to show to its audience through a picture portrayal. The picture is also a part of the Thirty Six Views of Mount Fuji and is the first of the series. (Katsushika Hokusai and Japanese Art) â€Å"Washington Crossing the Delawa re† was made in 1851 by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze. ... his crew helps him cross the Delaware River however many say that the American flag shown in the picture is a symbol of anarchism and does not show American unity. The painting had to undergo restoration after it had been destroyed in a fire and then further again, in a bombing. Other pieces of creative art like poems and sonnets have also been made on the basis of the picture portrayed in the painting, which is one of the best forms of art alive for the depiction of the important event that took place in American history. (Washington Crossing the Delaware) Both paintings have been made with a great amount of detail in their own ways; however the technique used in their creation is very different from each other. The Jap-Asian painting made by Hokusai has been made with the Ukiyo-e technique; this is used for making single brush strokes onto silk or even on paper. It is very easy to make very thin lines and use colour very well with this kind of painting. It helps to give a portrayal of a very simple sketch with deep detailing. The waves in the picture have very extensive detail and the lighting has been worked on fantastically with a cloudy background helping to make the same even more sinister in its own way. The fierceness of the waves has been shown wonderfully, especially with the volcano in the backdrop of the painting. In contrast to the same, the painting by Leutze is more realistic in its approach. It has a very artistic touch and composition to it with excellent lighting and Washington’s face looking at the bright sky and sun, revealing an image along the likes of emerging victorious. The picture according to the painting takes place at dawn with very dark tones all along the sky and the sun rising along the horizon. (Leutze, Emanuel) There are different

Critically analyse the arguments for and against the codification of Essay

Critically analyse the arguments for and against the codification of Scottish criminal law - Essay Example The commission did not articulate its own view on the appeal of using the draft as the foundation for passing a Scottish criminal code by articulated the belief that an extensive public discussion on the issues emerging from the draft code would be essential. Consequently, it provoked comments on December 15, 2003. The draft code was aimed at substituting the common law crimes, in addition to several constitutional offences, in the same sector with those crimes. It did not try to substitute decrees like the Acts on road traffic or drug-related crimes or on health and safety at workplaces, or gaming which are already controlling certain issues in an inclusive manner (Chan et al., 2009). The authors were not opposed to involving such matters ultimately by any means. This is because a better code is one that is highly inclusive. Not only did it appear less essential to involve crimes already in mind-codes, but also numerous issues of this kind are preserved issues under the Scotland Act 1998. Hence, the draft code was incomplete code. Because of this reason, many people argued for and against this code citing many succinct reasons as to why they took their position. While the codification of Scottish criminal law was aimed at improving current laws, it had shortfalls which if not amended, will have adverse effects on the Scottish people. The codification of Scottish criminal law had both advantages and disadvantages. For instance, the codification of Scottish criminal law would avoid the need for recurrence and stop certain kinds of gap in new legislation. Nevertheless, it did not appear to be a lucid case for substituting the current criminal law with a code (MacQueen et al., 2003). Courts will be required by the introduction of a code to stick to the letter of the code even where it create outcomes that are unjust on, not in accordance with sound principle. It might not be sure on how far it would be helpful to refer to institutional authors and preceding decisi ons. The codification of Scottish criminal law could have involved a variety of constitutional crimes encountered frequently in legal practice. According to Reid & Zimmermann (2000), it was difficult for the Sheriffs Principal to reach a view on whether the codification of the criminal law was in principle a project to be pursued by the Scottish Law Commission. They realized that illustrious judges in England had called for codification of the criminal law and called for a fully informed discussion on the matter in the Scotland. Scottish Law Commission is supposed to think to supplement the draft with a debate paper in a conservative style analyzing the misbehavior to be tackled, the section of the current law believed to be substandard and the different alternatives for reform. They were especially anxious to discover what had been the experience of judges and practitioners in other ordinary law authorities where the criminal law had been codified. Smith (1962) asserts that even th ough the codification of Scottish criminal law was approved initially at the abstract, it is now considered that when human rights needs had a helpful impact on the ordinary law; it was not time to codify the Scottish Criminal Law. This is because a code is supposed to codify the entire law including constitutional crimes. In the code, offence-creating conditions should be framed in a exceedingly

Military Force and Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Military Force and Terrorism - Essay Example However, in order to reduce such type of illegal activities, varied types of laws and acts are introduced by different governments but still the pace of terrorist activities are expanding rapidly. After undergoing extensive research, it can be summarized that in order to reduce the negative impacts of terrorist activities on society by major terrorist group of the world such as Al-Qaeda, Taliban, Irish Republican Army, Lashkar-E-Taiba, Al-Umma Organization, Liberation of Tamil Tigers Eelam (LTTE) etc, governments of all countries need to focus on improvement of the living standards of the terrorists by fulfilling their basic needs and demands. Implementation of strategic actions might prove effective for the government to reduce the impacts of terrorism over the citizens of a specific nation. If it is possible that any government can come up with strategic political negotiations with the leaders of terrorist groups, then many common people’s lives might be saved and the social, political and economic condition of the nation may also be improved considerably. Therefore, it is essential for any nation to reduce the negative effects of terrorism in order to amplify the gr owth and prosperity of the nation. Terrorism is described as a sort of violence, against the general civilians in order to impose influence and power. Terrorist attacks are caused by a specific group of individual over the citizens of a nation in order to fulfill their own interests and motives. This is done mainly by a specific group of individual of different culture and religion whose prime aim is to improve their life style and living standard as compared to native citizens of the nation. Moreover, terrorist attacks also try to create fear and terror within the minds of the native individual in order to increase the rate of ‘out migration’. This might prove effective for the terrorist individual to get job

Which reflections of Islam are in the tale of Maruf the Cobbler Essay

Which reflections of Islam are in the tale of Maruf the Cobbler - Essay Example Muslim believes that Allah is the provider of everything, and they should ask him the things they want. In respect to this belief Maaruf had to pray the dawn prayer to ask Allah to save him from the wrath of his wife by providing a piece of cake before evening. Muslims have their special court known as the kadhi court in which they should settle their matters. Maafur was falsely accused by his wife before the Kadhi court. The two were Muslim, and they could not take their problem before the court of law and, as a result, the wife took the matter before the Kadhi who settled the issue and restored peace between the two (Scheherazade 12). One aspect of Islam is giving a charity to the poor and helping the oppressed. In the tale, the aspect of charity is seen where Maaruf could not get the money to buy the cake but went to the shop, and the cake seller agreed to give him on credit. The cake seller agreed to help Maaruf and give him the cake on credit until when Allah will provide him with money. Upon reaching home, the wife did not accept the cake because it was not covered with bees honey, and this brought up trouble. The neighbours played a role of brining back peace in the home since Muslims should help the oppressed. When Maaruf went away from Cairo after being reported by his wife, he came across a man who took him and gave him everything. When the Kazi was settling the dispute, he made sure he maintained peace between the wife and husband by giving Maaruf the cake to give it to the wife (Scheherazade 4). Muslims are supposed to pray Allah five times a day and in the tale Maaruf is praying most of the time. The Islam faith requires believers to pray in the mosque and Maaruf went to the mosque to pray meaning that he was a true Muslim (Scheherazade 7). Maaruf was a prayerful man and this made Allah to make him Sultan. When the wife of Maaruf (princes

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Research Methods - Essay Example The questions were prepared in such a manner that it can clearly depict whether changes are required in an organisation and whether the managers are well aware and responsive to those changes. It is observed that about 80 questionnaires were duly filled while the 20 questionnaires are not taken for the analysis; within these 14 questionnaires were not dully filled and 6 were missing. Hence, 80/100 = 80% of the sample is considered for the analysis (Hair and Money, 2011; Gulati, 2009). Convenience sampling is employed in this case as the respondents are chosen because of proximity and accessibility. Here, the respondents are chosen randomly and the emails are sent along with the online link, where they will get the questionnaires. The questionnaires are sent to those managers and employees, who can be easily reached and does not have to go through an intermediary. Both descriptive and statistical analysis has been done for determining whether changes are encouraged in both the organizations. The analysis is divided into segments: Organization 1 and Organization 2. 50 respondents were chosen from each organization. The figure states that the managers, who are aware of the term change management, have the ability to identify the need for changes, which will improve the productivity Department of Culture and Information in Sharjah. However, few of the employees have stated that managers have resisted the changes and have not cooperated with the expectations and suggestions of the employees. Through the interview the managers of Sharjah Department of Information and Culture has depicted that they are concerned with the productivity of the organisations and individuals and does not concentrate on rating the efforts of the employees as they do not receive any holiday except the Ramadan. Hence, if changes are needed for the betterment of the organisations, the managers are positive about it (Hesse-Biber, 2010). According to the

Review and critical analysis of any four articles Essay - 1

Review and critical analysis of any four articles - Essay Example Election process from the nomination, the conventions and elections has been discussed in this book. The Article of Americas Evolving Electorate by Nate Cohn This article talks of the demographic system in an electorate. This article analyses on the population target of a given candidate. The article starts by analyzing the Clinton and Bush election season. This election time the candidates targeted a given population in their campaigns trail. According to the article George W Bush targeted the Populist population, who were compassionate conservatives. Whereas Bill Clinton targeted college women, the graduates and the less religious voters. This according to the article was insufficient for Bill Clinton to conquer George Bush in the 2 election seasons. Over time the demographic targets of the Republican Party has changed, it is on an estimate of eight years basing on the article. This change has then lead to the majority win of votes by the democrats, hence the Obama Administration. The change in voter’s numbers was as a result of the shift of the new diverse young voters who joined the democrats. An Estimated increase from 23% to 25% of votes in favor of the democrats. The article also establishes the Current Presidents camp had a larger share of Non American voters this were: The African American, Hispanians and The Asian voters.The republicans were also into gaining of voters from the democrats strong holds. They shifted inwards south of the believed Democrats strong holds. But their efforts were not fruitful as the couldn’t counter the democrats gain of voters. The Author Nate Cohn goes on explaining of the Democrats gains of voters who were the white Americans from the South.The democrats targeted a given voter population of which included the young white and those that occupied the well educated sub-urbans.These shifts of demographic interests were not for a short period as it was thought to be. The shifts was a reflection of shifts of votes which was for the advantage of the democrats. They were establishing a base of votes which they could use to gain on the republican votes. The Article also focused on the turnout of voters, this was specifically the Republican Party. The focus was during the congressional and local elections. Basing on the article there was a notable reduction in the turnout of the republican voters. A critical analysis if the democratic analysis is inevitable is given in the article and how the Republican Party can adjust in a mind of compensation of the generational and demographic changes. There is an Emerging Democratic Majority, the effect of a majority democratic camp and it is predestined to be for some decades to come. The democratic majority is as a result of the gaining of Denver, Washington and Raleigh which are well educated suburbs. On analyzing of the article, for the republicans to counter the demographical gain by the democrats is by: instituting durable and ideological coalitions b efore a new social moderate generation is built. The article has been criticized on the share of white voters by the democrats; this is because the article has not pointed out the states of the survey. It has also been criticized of partisan comments. Though with the critics the article has proved to be very insightful and indeed helpful in the geographical analysis of voters in a voting season. Are we in An Electrol Realignment? By Sean Trende An electoral realignment refers to